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nix作为包管理工具并用于发布软件的可行性研究

前言

什么是包管理器

软件包管理系统是在电脑中自动安装、配制、卸载和升级软件包的工具组合，在各种系统软件和应用软件的安装管理中均有广泛应用。 在Linux发行版中，几乎每一个发行版都有自己的软件包管理系统。常见的有：

  • 管理deb软件包的dpkg以及它的前端apt（使用于Debian、Ubuntu）。
  • RPM包管理员以及它的前端dnf（使用于Fedora）、前端yum（使用于Red Hat Enterprise Linux）、前端ZYpp（使用于openSUSE）、前端urpmi（使用于Mandriva Linux、Mageia）等。

使用软件包管理系统将大大简化在Linux发行版中安装软件的过程。

蛮荒时代

在有软件包管理器之前，Linux上是如何安装软件的呢？那时候（包括现在部分软件），在类似github或者自建版本控制中心上发布源码。开发者需要自行下载源码，然后使用类似下面的流程编译安装： 

   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
   make
   make install

这个流程看似简单，但是对一些较为复杂的软件，需要安装其直接运行时依赖，在安装直接依赖的过程还要解决直接依赖的直接依赖，在这个解决依赖的过程中，很容易发生各种不可预知的问题，这就是所谓的 dependency hell 。

比如，以emacs编辑器为例，通过 apt-rdepends -d emacs-gtk 命令绘出它的依赖图如下： 

   digraph packages {
   concentrate=true;
   "emacs-gtk" [shape=box];
   "emacs-gtk" -> "emacs-bin-common";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "emacs-common";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libacl1";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libasound2";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libc6";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libcairo2";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libdbus-1-3";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libfontconfig1";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libfreetype6";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libgif7";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libgnutls30";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libgpm2";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libgtk-3-0";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libice6";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libjpeg8";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "liblcms2-2";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libm17n-0";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libmagickcore-6.q16-6";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libmagickwand-6.q16-6";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libotf0";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libpango-1.0-0";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libpng16-16";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "librsvg2-2";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libselinux1";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libsm6";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libsystemd0";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libtiff5";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libtinfo6";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libx11-6";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libx11-xcb1";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libxcb1";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libxext6";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libxfixes3";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libxft2";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libxml2";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libxpm4";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "libxrender1";
   "emacs-gtk" -> "zlib1g";
   "emacs-bin-common" [shape=box];
   "emacs-bin-common" -> "emacs-common";
   "emacs-bin-common" -> "libc6";
   "emacs-common" [shape=box];
   "emacs-common" -> "emacsen-common";
   "emacs-common" -> "install-info";
   "emacsen-common" [shape=box];
   "install-info" [shape=box];
   "install-info" -> "libc6";
   "install-info" -> "dpkg"[color=blue];
   "libc6" [shape=box];
   "libc6" -> "libgcc1";
   "libgcc1" [shape=box];
   "libgcc1" -> "gcc-9-base";
   "libgcc1" -> "libc6";
   "gcc-9-base" [shape=box];
   "dpkg" [shape=box];
   "dpkg" -> "tar";
   "dpkg" -> "libbz2-1.0"[color=blue];
   "dpkg" -> "libc6"[color=blue];
   "dpkg" -> "liblzma5"[color=blue];
   "dpkg" -> "libselinux1"[color=blue];
   "dpkg" -> "libzstd1"[color=blue];
   "dpkg" -> "zlib1g"[color=blue];
   "tar" [shape=box];
   "tar" -> "libacl1"[color=blue];
   "tar" -> "libc6"[color=blue];
   "tar" -> "libselinux1"[color=blue];
   "libacl1" [shape=box];
   "libacl1" -> "libc6";
   "libselinux1" [shape=box];
   "libselinux1" -> "libc6";
   "libselinux1" -> "libpcre2-8-0";
   "libpcre2-8-0" [shape=box];
   "libpcre2-8-0" -> "libc6";
   "libbz2-1.0" [shape=box];
   "libbz2-1.0" -> "libc6";
   "liblzma5" [shape=box];
   "liblzma5" -> "libc6";
   "libzstd1" [shape=box];
   "libzstd1" -> "libc6";
   "zlib1g" [shape=box];
   "zlib1g" -> "libc6";
   "libasound2" [shape=box];
   "libasound2" -> "libasound2-data";
   "libasound2" -> "libc6";
   "libasound2-data" [shape=box];
   "libcairo2" [shape=box];
   "libcairo2" -> "libc6";
   "libcairo2" -> "libfontconfig1";
   "libcairo2" -> "libfreetype6";
   "libcairo2" -> "libpixman-1-0";
   "libcairo2" -> "libpng16-16";
   "libcairo2" -> "libx11-6";
   "libcairo2" -> "libxcb-render0";
   "libcairo2" -> "libxcb-shm0";
   "libcairo2" -> "libxcb1";
   "libcairo2" -> "libxext6";
   "libcairo2" -> "libxrender1";
   "libcairo2" -> "zlib1g";
   "libfontconfig1" [shape=box];
   "libfontconfig1" -> "fontconfig-config";
   "libfontconfig1" -> "libc6";
   "libfontconfig1" -> "libexpat1";
   "libfontconfig1" -> "libfreetype6";
   "libfontconfig1" -> "libuuid1";
   "fontconfig-config" [shape=box];
   "fontconfig-config" -> "fonts-dejavu-core";
   "fontconfig-config" -> "fonts-freefont";
   "fontconfig-config" -> "fonts-liberation";
   "fontconfig-config" -> "ttf-bitstream-vera";
   "fontconfig-config" -> "ucf";
   "fonts-dejavu-core" [shape=box];
   "fonts-freefont" [shape=ellipse];
   "fonts-liberation" [shape=ellipse];
   "ttf-bitstream-vera" [shape=ellipse];
   "ucf" [shape=box];
   "ucf" -> "coreutils";
   "ucf" -> "debconf";
   "ucf" -> "sensible-utils";
   "coreutils" [shape=box];
   "coreutils" -> "libacl1"[color=blue];
   "coreutils" -> "libattr1"[color=blue];
   "coreutils" -> "libc6"[color=blue];
   "coreutils" -> "libselinux1"[color=blue];
   "libattr1" [shape=box];
   "libattr1" -> "libc6";
   "debconf" [shape=box];
   "debconf" -> "perl-base"[color=blue];
   "perl-base" [shape=box];
   "perl-base" -> "dpkg"[color=blue];
   "perl-base" -> "libc6"[color=blue];
   "sensible-utils" [shape=box];
   "libexpat1" [shape=box];
   "libexpat1" -> "libc6";
   "libfreetype6" [shape=box];
   "libfreetype6" -> "libc6";
   "libfreetype6" -> "libpng16-16";
   "libfreetype6" -> "zlib1g";
   "libpng16-16" [shape=box];
   "libpng16-16" -> "libc6";
   "libpng16-16" -> "zlib1g";
   "libuuid1" [shape=box];
   "libuuid1" -> "libc6";
   "libpixman-1-0" [shape=box];
   "libpixman-1-0" -> "libc6";
   "libx11-6" [shape=box];
   "libx11-6" -> "libc6";
   "libx11-6" -> "libx11-data";
   "libx11-6" -> "libxcb1";
   "libx11-data" [shape=box];
   "libxcb1" [shape=box];
   "libxcb1" -> "libc6";
   "libxcb1" -> "libxau6";
   "libxcb1" -> "libxdmcp6";
   "libxau6" [shape=box];
   "libxau6" -> "libc6";
   "libxdmcp6" [shape=box];
   "libxdmcp6" -> "libbsd0";
   "libxdmcp6" -> "libc6";
   "libbsd0" [shape=box];
   "libbsd0" -> "libc6";
   "libxcb-render0" [shape=box];
   "libxcb-render0" -> "libc6";
   "libxcb-render0" -> "libxcb1";
   "libxcb-shm0" [shape=box];
   "libxcb-shm0" -> "libc6";
   "libxcb-shm0" -> "libxcb1";
   "libxext6" [shape=box];
   "libxext6" -> "libc6";
   "libxext6" -> "libx11-6";
   "libxrender1" [shape=box];
   "libxrender1" -> "libc6";
   "libxrender1" -> "libx11-6";
   "libdbus-1-3" [shape=box];
   "libdbus-1-3" -> "libc6";
   "libdbus-1-3" -> "libsystemd0";
   "libsystemd0" [shape=box];
   "libsystemd0" -> "libc6"[color=blue];
   "libsystemd0" -> "libgcrypt20"[color=blue];
   "libsystemd0" -> "liblz4-1"[color=blue];
   "libsystemd0" -> "liblzma5"[color=blue];
   "libgcrypt20" [shape=box];
   "libgcrypt20" -> "libc6";
   "libgcrypt20" -> "libgpg-error0";
   "libgpg-error0" [shape=box];
   "libgpg-error0" -> "libc6";
   "liblz4-1" [shape=box];
   "liblz4-1" -> "libc6";
   "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0" [shape=box];
   "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0" -> "libc6";
   "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0" -> "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common";
   "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0" -> "libjpeg8";
   "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0" -> "libpng16-16";
   "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0" -> "libtiff5";
   "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0" -> "libx11-6";
   "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0" -> "shared-mime-info";
   "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common" [shape=ellipse];
   "libglib2.0-0" [shape=box];
   "libglib2.0-0" -> "libc6";
   "libglib2.0-0" -> "libffi6";
   "libglib2.0-0" -> "libmount1";
   "libglib2.0-0" -> "libpcre3";
   "libglib2.0-0" -> "libselinux1";
   "libglib2.0-0" -> "zlib1g";
   "libffi6" [shape=box];
   "libffi6" -> "libc6";
   "libmount1" [shape=box];
   "libmount1" -> "libblkid1";
   "libmount1" -> "libc6";
   "libmount1" -> "libselinux1";
   "libblkid1" [shape=box];
   "libblkid1" -> "libc6";
   "libpcre3" [shape=box];
   "libpcre3" -> "libc6";
   "libjpeg8" [shape=box];
   "libjpeg8" -> "libjpeg-turbo8";
   "libjpeg-turbo8" [shape=box];
   "libjpeg-turbo8" -> "libc6";
   "libtiff5" [shape=box];
   "libtiff5" -> "libc6";
   "libtiff5" -> "libjbig0";
   "libtiff5" -> "libjpeg8";
   "libtiff5" -> "liblzma5";
   "libtiff5" -> "libwebp6";
   "libtiff5" -> "libzstd1";
   "libtiff5" -> "zlib1g";
   "libjbig0" [shape=box];
   "libjbig0" -> "libc6";
   "libwebp6" [shape=box];
   "libwebp6" -> "libc6";
   "shared-mime-info" [shape=box];
   "shared-mime-info" -> "libc6";
   "shared-mime-info" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "shared-mime-info" -> "libxml2";
   "libxml2" [shape=box];
   "libxml2" -> "libc6";
   "libxml2" -> "libicu63";
   "libxml2" -> "liblzma5";
   "libxml2" -> "zlib1g";
   "libicu63" [shape=box];
   "libicu63" -> "libc6";
   "libicu63" -> "libgcc1";
   "libicu63" -> "libstdc++6";
   "libstdc++6" [shape=box];
   "libstdc++6" -> "gcc-9-base";
   "libstdc++6" -> "libc6";
   "libstdc++6" -> "libgcc1";
   "libgif7" [shape=box];
   "libgif7" -> "libc6";
   "libgnutls30" [shape=box];
   "libgnutls30" -> "libc6";
   "libgnutls30" -> "libgmp10";
   "libgnutls30" -> "libhogweed4";
   "libgnutls30" -> "libidn2-0";
   "libgnutls30" -> "libnettle6";
   "libgnutls30" -> "libp11-kit0";
   "libgnutls30" -> "libtasn1-6";
   "libgnutls30" -> "libunistring2";
   "libgmp10" [shape=box];
   "libgmp10" -> "libc6";
   "libhogweed4" [shape=box];
   "libhogweed4" -> "libc6";
   "libhogweed4" -> "libgmp10";
   "libhogweed4" -> "libnettle6";
   "libnettle6" [shape=box];
   "libnettle6" -> "libc6";
   "libidn2-0" [shape=box];
   "libidn2-0" -> "libc6";
   "libidn2-0" -> "libunistring2";
   "libunistring2" [shape=box];
   "libunistring2" -> "libc6";
   "libp11-kit0" [shape=box];
   "libp11-kit0" -> "libc6";
   "libp11-kit0" -> "libffi6";
   "libtasn1-6" [shape=box];
   "libtasn1-6" -> "libc6";
   "libgpm2" [shape=box];
   "libgpm2" -> "libc6";
   "libgtk-3-0" [shape=box];
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "adwaita-icon-theme";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "hicolor-icon-theme";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libatk-bridge2.0-0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libatk1.0-0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libc6";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libcairo-gobject2";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libcairo2";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libcolord2";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libcups2";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libepoxy0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libfontconfig1";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libfreetype6";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libfribidi0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libgtk-3-common";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libharfbuzz0b";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libjson-glib-1.0-0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libpango-1.0-0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libpangocairo-1.0-0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libpangoft2-1.0-0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "librest-0.7-0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libwayland-client0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libwayland-cursor0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libwayland-egl1";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libx11-6";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libxcomposite1";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libxcursor1";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libxdamage1";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libxext6";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libxfixes3";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libxi6";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libxinerama1";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libxkbcommon0";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "libxrandr2";
   "libgtk-3-0" -> "shared-mime-info";
   "adwaita-icon-theme" [shape=box];
   "adwaita-icon-theme" -> "adwaita-icon-theme-full";
   "adwaita-icon-theme" -> "gtk-update-icon-cache";
   "adwaita-icon-theme" -> "hicolor-icon-theme";
   "adwaita-icon-theme" -> "librsvg2-common";
   "adwaita-icon-theme" -> "ubuntu-mono";
   "adwaita-icon-theme-full" [shape=box];
   "adwaita-icon-theme-full" -> "adwaita-icon-theme";
   "adwaita-icon-theme-full" -> "gtk-update-icon-cache";
   "adwaita-icon-theme-full" -> "librsvg2-common";
   "gtk-update-icon-cache" [shape=box];
   "gtk-update-icon-cache" -> "libc6";
   "gtk-update-icon-cache" -> "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0";
   "gtk-update-icon-cache" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "librsvg2-common" [shape=box];
   "librsvg2-common" -> "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0";
   "librsvg2-common" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "librsvg2-common" -> "librsvg2-2";
   "librsvg2-2" [shape=box];
   "librsvg2-2" -> "libc6";
   "librsvg2-2" -> "libcairo2";
   "librsvg2-2" -> "libcroco3";
   "librsvg2-2" -> "libfontconfig1";
   "librsvg2-2" -> "libgcc1";
   "librsvg2-2" -> "libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0";
   "librsvg2-2" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "librsvg2-2" -> "libpango-1.0-0";
   "librsvg2-2" -> "libpangocairo-1.0-0";
   "librsvg2-2" -> "libpangoft2-1.0-0";
   "librsvg2-2" -> "libxml2";
   "libcroco3" [shape=box];
   "libcroco3" -> "libc6";
   "libcroco3" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libcroco3" -> "libxml2";
   "libpango-1.0-0" [shape=box];
   "libpango-1.0-0" -> "fontconfig";
   "libpango-1.0-0" -> "libc6";
   "libpango-1.0-0" -> "libfribidi0";
   "libpango-1.0-0" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libpango-1.0-0" -> "libthai0";
   "fontconfig" [shape=box];
   "fontconfig" -> "fontconfig-config";
   "fontconfig" -> "libc6";
   "fontconfig" -> "libfontconfig1";
   "fontconfig" -> "libfreetype6";
   "libfribidi0" [shape=box];
   "libfribidi0" -> "libc6";
   "libthai0" [shape=box];
   "libthai0" -> "libc6";
   "libthai0" -> "libdatrie1";
   "libthai0" -> "libthai-data";
   "libdatrie1" [shape=box];
   "libdatrie1" -> "libc6";
   "libthai-data" [shape=box];
   "libpangocairo-1.0-0" [shape=box];
   "libpangocairo-1.0-0" -> "libc6";
   "libpangocairo-1.0-0" -> "libcairo2";
   "libpangocairo-1.0-0" -> "libfontconfig1";
   "libpangocairo-1.0-0" -> "libfreetype6";
   "libpangocairo-1.0-0" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libpangocairo-1.0-0" -> "libpango-1.0-0";
   "libpangocairo-1.0-0" -> "libpangoft2-1.0-0";
   "libpangoft2-1.0-0" [shape=box];
   "libpangoft2-1.0-0" -> "libc6";
   "libpangoft2-1.0-0" -> "libfontconfig1";
   "libpangoft2-1.0-0" -> "libfreetype6";
   "libpangoft2-1.0-0" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libpangoft2-1.0-0" -> "libharfbuzz0b";
   "libpangoft2-1.0-0" -> "libpango-1.0-0";
   "libharfbuzz0b" [shape=box];
   "libharfbuzz0b" -> "libc6";
   "libharfbuzz0b" -> "libfreetype6";
   "libharfbuzz0b" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libharfbuzz0b" -> "libgraphite2-3";
   "libgraphite2-3" [shape=box];
   "libgraphite2-3" -> "libc6";
   "hicolor-icon-theme" [shape=ellipse];
   "ubuntu-mono" [shape=box];
   "ubuntu-mono" -> "adwaita-icon-theme";
   "ubuntu-mono" -> "hicolor-icon-theme";
   "ubuntu-mono" -> "humanity-icon-theme";
   "humanity-icon-theme" [shape=box];
   "humanity-icon-theme" -> "adwaita-icon-theme";
   "humanity-icon-theme" -> "hicolor-icon-theme";
   "libatk-bridge2.0-0" [shape=box];
   "libatk-bridge2.0-0" -> "libatk1.0-0";
   "libatk-bridge2.0-0" -> "libatspi2.0-0";
   "libatk-bridge2.0-0" -> "libc6";
   "libatk-bridge2.0-0" -> "libdbus-1-3";
   "libatk-bridge2.0-0" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libatk1.0-0" [shape=box];
   "libatk1.0-0" -> "libatk1.0-data";
   "libatk1.0-0" -> "libc6";
   "libatk1.0-0" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libatk1.0-data" [shape=ellipse];
   "libatspi2.0-0" [shape=box];
   "libatspi2.0-0" -> "libc6";
   "libatspi2.0-0" -> "libdbus-1-3";
   "libatspi2.0-0" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libatspi2.0-0" -> "libx11-6";
   "libcairo-gobject2" [shape=box];
   "libcairo-gobject2" -> "libcairo2";
   "libcairo-gobject2" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libcolord2" [shape=box];
   "libcolord2" -> "libc6";
   "libcolord2" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libcolord2" -> "liblcms2-2";
   "libcolord2" -> "libudev1";
   "liblcms2-2" [shape=box];
   "liblcms2-2" -> "libc6";
   "libudev1" [shape=box];
   "libudev1" -> "libc6";
   "libcups2" [shape=box];
   "libcups2" -> "libavahi-client3";
   "libcups2" -> "libavahi-common3";
   "libcups2" -> "libc6";
   "libcups2" -> "libgnutls30";
   "libcups2" -> "libgssapi-krb5-2";
   "libcups2" -> "zlib1g";
   "libavahi-client3" [shape=box];
   "libavahi-client3" -> "libavahi-common3";
   "libavahi-client3" -> "libc6";
   "libavahi-client3" -> "libdbus-1-3";
   "libavahi-common3" [shape=box];
   "libavahi-common3" -> "libavahi-common-data";
   "libavahi-common3" -> "libc6";
   "libavahi-common-data" [shape=box];
   "libgssapi-krb5-2" [shape=box];
   "libgssapi-krb5-2" -> "libc6";
   "libgssapi-krb5-2" -> "libcom-err2";
   "libgssapi-krb5-2" -> "libk5crypto3";
   "libgssapi-krb5-2" -> "libkrb5-3";
   "libgssapi-krb5-2" -> "libkrb5support0";
   "libcom-err2" [shape=box];
   "libcom-err2" -> "libc6";
   "libk5crypto3" [shape=box];
   "libk5crypto3" -> "libc6";
   "libk5crypto3" -> "libkrb5support0";
   "libkrb5support0" [shape=box];
   "libkrb5support0" -> "libc6";
   "libkrb5-3" [shape=box];
   "libkrb5-3" -> "libc6";
   "libkrb5-3" -> "libcom-err2";
   "libkrb5-3" -> "libk5crypto3";
   "libkrb5-3" -> "libkeyutils1";
   "libkrb5-3" -> "libkrb5support0";
   "libkrb5-3" -> "libssl1.1";
   "libkeyutils1" [shape=box];
   "libkeyutils1" -> "libc6";
   "libssl1.1" [shape=box];
   "libssl1.1" -> "debconf";
   "libssl1.1" -> "debconf-2.0";
   "libssl1.1" -> "libc6";
   "debconf-2.0" [shape=ellipse];
   "libepoxy0" [shape=box];
   "libepoxy0" -> "libc6";
   "libgtk-3-common" [shape=box];
   "libgtk-3-common" -> "dconf-gsettings-backend";
   "libgtk-3-common" -> "gsettings-backend";
   "dconf-gsettings-backend" [shape=box];
   "dconf-gsettings-backend" -> "dconf-service";
   "dconf-gsettings-backend" -> "libc6";
   "dconf-gsettings-backend" -> "libdconf1";
   "dconf-gsettings-backend" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "dconf-service" [shape=box];
   "dconf-service" -> "dbus-session-bus";
   "dconf-service" -> "default-dbus-session-bus";
   "dconf-service" -> "libc6";
   "dconf-service" -> "libdconf1";
   "dconf-service" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "dbus-session-bus" [shape=ellipse];
   "default-dbus-session-bus" [shape=ellipse];
   "libdconf1" [shape=box];
   "libdconf1" -> "libc6";
   "libdconf1" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "gsettings-backend" [shape=ellipse];
   "libjson-glib-1.0-0" [shape=box];
   "libjson-glib-1.0-0" -> "libc6";
   "libjson-glib-1.0-0" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libjson-glib-1.0-0" -> "libjson-glib-1.0-common";
   "libjson-glib-1.0-common" [shape=ellipse];
   "librest-0.7-0" [shape=box];
   "librest-0.7-0" -> "libc6";
   "librest-0.7-0" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "librest-0.7-0" -> "libsoup-gnome2.4-1";
   "librest-0.7-0" -> "libsoup2.4-1";
   "librest-0.7-0" -> "libxml2";
   "libsoup-gnome2.4-1" [shape=box];
   "libsoup-gnome2.4-1" -> "libc6";
   "libsoup-gnome2.4-1" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libsoup-gnome2.4-1" -> "libsoup2.4-1";
   "libsoup2.4-1" [shape=box];
   "libsoup2.4-1" -> "glib-networking";
   "libsoup2.4-1" -> "libbrotli1";
   "libsoup2.4-1" -> "libc6";
   "libsoup2.4-1" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libsoup2.4-1" -> "libgssapi-krb5-2";
   "libsoup2.4-1" -> "libpsl5";
   "libsoup2.4-1" -> "libsqlite3-0";
   "libsoup2.4-1" -> "libxml2";
   "libsoup2.4-1" -> "zlib1g";
   "glib-networking" [shape=box];
   "glib-networking" -> "glib-networking-common";
   "glib-networking" -> "glib-networking-services";
   "glib-networking" -> "gsettings-desktop-schemas";
   "glib-networking" -> "libc6";
   "glib-networking" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "glib-networking" -> "libgnutls30";
   "glib-networking" -> "libproxy1v5";
   "glib-networking-common" [shape=box];
   "glib-networking-services" [shape=box];
   "glib-networking-services" -> "glib-networking-common";
   "glib-networking-services" -> "libc6";
   "glib-networking-services" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "glib-networking-services" -> "libproxy1v5";
   "libproxy1v5" [shape=box];
   "libproxy1v5" -> "libc6";
   "libproxy1v5" -> "libgcc1";
   "libproxy1v5" -> "libstdc++6";
   "gsettings-desktop-schemas" [shape=box];
   "gsettings-desktop-schemas" -> "dconf-gsettings-backend";
   "gsettings-desktop-schemas" -> "gsettings-backend";
   "libbrotli1" [shape=box];
   "libbrotli1" -> "libc6";
   "libpsl5" [shape=box];
   "libpsl5" -> "libc6";
   "libpsl5" -> "libidn2-0";
   "libpsl5" -> "libunistring2";
   "libsqlite3-0" [shape=box];
   "libsqlite3-0" -> "libc6";
   "libwayland-client0" [shape=box];
   "libwayland-client0" -> "libc6";
   "libwayland-client0" -> "libffi6";
   "libwayland-cursor0" [shape=box];
   "libwayland-cursor0" -> "libc6";
   "libwayland-cursor0" -> "libwayland-client0";
   "libwayland-egl1" [shape=box];
   "libwayland-egl1" -> "libc6";
   "libxcomposite1" [shape=box];
   "libxcomposite1" -> "libc6";
   "libxcomposite1" -> "libx11-6";
   "libxcursor1" [shape=box];
   "libxcursor1" -> "libc6";
   "libxcursor1" -> "libx11-6";
   "libxcursor1" -> "libxfixes3";
   "libxcursor1" -> "libxrender1";
   "libxfixes3" [shape=box];
   "libxfixes3" -> "libc6";
   "libxfixes3" -> "libx11-6";
   "libxdamage1" [shape=box];
   "libxdamage1" -> "libc6";
   "libxdamage1" -> "libx11-6";
   "libxi6" [shape=box];
   "libxi6" -> "libc6";
   "libxi6" -> "libx11-6";
   "libxi6" -> "libxext6";
   "libxinerama1" [shape=box];
   "libxinerama1" -> "libc6";
   "libxinerama1" -> "libx11-6";
   "libxinerama1" -> "libxext6";
   "libxkbcommon0" [shape=box];
   "libxkbcommon0" -> "libc6";
   "libxkbcommon0" -> "xkb-data";
   "xkb-data" [shape=box];
   "libxrandr2" [shape=box];
   "libxrandr2" -> "libc6";
   "libxrandr2" -> "libx11-6";
   "libxrandr2" -> "libxext6";
   "libxrandr2" -> "libxrender1";
   "libice6" [shape=box];
   "libice6" -> "libbsd0";
   "libice6" -> "libc6";
   "libice6" -> "x11-common";
   "x11-common" [shape=box];
   "x11-common" -> "lsb-base";
   "lsb-base" [shape=ellipse];
   "libm17n-0" [shape=box];
   "libm17n-0" -> "libc6";
   "libm17n-0" -> "libfontconfig1";
   "libm17n-0" -> "libfreetype6";
   "libm17n-0" -> "libfribidi0";
   "libm17n-0" -> "libgd3";
   "libm17n-0" -> "libotf0";
   "libm17n-0" -> "libthai0";
   "libm17n-0" -> "libx11-6";
   "libm17n-0" -> "libxft2";
   "libm17n-0" -> "libxml2";
   "libm17n-0" -> "libxt6";
   "libm17n-0" -> "m17n-db";
   "libgd3" [shape=box];
   "libgd3" -> "libc6";
   "libgd3" -> "libfontconfig1";
   "libgd3" -> "libfreetype6";
   "libgd3" -> "libjpeg8";
   "libgd3" -> "libpng16-16";
   "libgd3" -> "libtiff5";
   "libgd3" -> "libwebp6";
   "libgd3" -> "libxpm4";
   "libgd3" -> "zlib1g";
   "libxpm4" [shape=box];
   "libxpm4" -> "libc6";
   "libxpm4" -> "libx11-6";
   "libotf0" [shape=box];
   "libotf0" -> "libc6";
   "libotf0" -> "libfreetype6";
   "libxft2" [shape=box];
   "libxft2" -> "libc6";
   "libxft2" -> "libfontconfig1";
   "libxft2" -> "libfreetype6";
   "libxft2" -> "libx11-6";
   "libxft2" -> "libxrender1";
   "libxt6" [shape=box];
   "libxt6" -> "libc6";
   "libxt6" -> "libice6";
   "libxt6" -> "libsm6";
   "libxt6" -> "libx11-6";
   "libsm6" [shape=box];
   "libsm6" -> "libc6";
   "libsm6" -> "libice6";
   "libsm6" -> "libuuid1";
   "m17n-db" [shape=box];
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" [shape=box];
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "imagemagick-6-common";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libbz2-1.0";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libc6";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libfftw3-double3";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libfontconfig1";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libfreetype6";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libgcc1";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libgomp1";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libjbig0";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libjpeg8";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "liblcms2-2";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "liblqr-1-0";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libltdl7";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "liblzma5";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libpng16-16";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libtiff5";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libwebp6";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libwebpmux3";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libx11-6";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libxext6";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "libxml2";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "zlib1g";
   "libmagickcore-6.q16-6" -> "dpkg"[color=blue];
   "imagemagick-6-common" [shape=box];
   "libfftw3-double3" [shape=box];
   "libfftw3-double3" -> "libc6";
   "libfftw3-double3" -> "libgomp1";
   "libgomp1" [shape=box];
   "libgomp1" -> "gcc-9-base";
   "libgomp1" -> "libc6";
   "liblqr-1-0" [shape=box];
   "liblqr-1-0" -> "libc6";
   "liblqr-1-0" -> "libglib2.0-0";
   "libltdl7" [shape=box];
   "libltdl7" -> "libc6";
   "libwebpmux3" [shape=box];
   "libwebpmux3" -> "libc6";
   "libwebpmux3" -> "libwebp6";
   "libmagickwand-6.q16-6" [shape=box];
   "libmagickwand-6.q16-6" -> "imagemagick-6-common";
   "libmagickwand-6.q16-6" -> "libc6";
   "libmagickwand-6.q16-6" -> "libgcc1";
   "libmagickwand-6.q16-6" -> "libgomp1";
   "libmagickwand-6.q16-6" -> "libmagickcore-6.q16-6";
   "libmagickwand-6.q16-6" -> "libx11-6";
   "libmagickwand-6.q16-6" -> "dpkg"[color=blue];
   "libtinfo6" [shape=box];
   "libtinfo6" -> "libc6";
   "libx11-xcb1" [shape=box];
   }

大概就是一团乱麻吧。

Nix包管理器

Nix是一个强大的包管理工具，它使得包管理更可靠并且可重现。Nix提供了原子级别的升级和回滚操作，多版本安装，多用户包管理，和方便的开发环境设置。

  • Reliable
  • Reproducible
  • Great for developers
  • Multi-user, multi-version
  • Source/binary model
  • Portable

About

Nix是一个引入了纯函数概念的包管理器。它把软件包当做值来处理。其打包过程也直接用函数来描述。正如函数式编程语言中纯函数的概念一般，相同的输入总会有相同的输出。在nix里面就是，一旦打包成功，包就不会再改变。Nix将软件包，保存在 /nix/store 下面，每个软件包都有自己独立的目录，例如： 

   /nix/store/j5swdjgkmg11x2zhi1gnr92mab46xj00-cmake-3.16.3

j5swdjgkmg11x2zhi1gnr92mab46xj00

2020-01-06 2020-02-16 nix Shane Xu

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